Urological Emergencies

<br> <h1 style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: black; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> Urological Emergencies</h1> <br> <div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"> Some urological conditions have serious or life-threatening consequences and require immediate medical attention. These medical emergencies include the following:</div> <ul style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"> <li> Acute urinary retention</li> <li> Fournier's gangrene</li> <li> Paraphimosis</li> <li> Priapism</li> <li> Testicular torsion</li> </ul> <div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCEYSPgSh-yRkt5xsL_uKT7igYKEd18_y5vZ1HEcyfCTbXIY2w8Fu_UD6FqWSqnr-iZ9HxPiWqg6EEuxMVpBK2w8M6XdfodD_4KSQbUZmINKnMXbe4KnCPa49M0BtYs_z8hZw1L2Fsigc/s1600/Urological+Emergencies.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="373" data-original-width="251" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCEYSPgSh-yRkt5xsL_uKT7igYKEd18_y5vZ1HEcyfCTbXIY2w8Fu_UD6FqWSqnr-iZ9HxPiWqg6EEuxMVpBK2w8M6XdfodD_4KSQbUZmINKnMXbe4KnCPa49M0BtYs_z8hZw1L2Fsigc/s320/Urological+Emergencies.jpg" width="215"></a></div> While these conditions are unrelated and have different symptoms, they all require urgent care. In some cases, delaying treatment may result in surgical removal of testicles (orchiectomy), permanent inability to achieve an erection (impotence), or death.</div> <div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"> <b>Acute Urinary Retention</b></div> <div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"> Acute urinary retention (i.e., the sudden inability to urinate) is usually symptomatic of another condition that requires treatment.</div> <div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"> <b>Incidence and Prevalence</b><br> Anyone can experience acute urinary retention. The causes and rate of occurrence varies greatly between genders. At about the age of 60, men are more often affected as a result of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).</div> <div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"> <b>Risk Factors</b></div> <div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"> Kidney stones, prostate cancer, prostatitis, and BPH are risk factors in men. Women with a history of kidney stones or urinary tract infections (UTIs), pregnant women, and those who have had recent gynecological surgery are at higher risk.</div> <div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"> <b>Causes</b></div> <div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"> Acute urinary retention may be caused by obstruction in the bladder or in the tube that carries urine from the bladder outside the body (urethra), by a disruption of sensory information in the nervous system (e.g., spinal cord or nerve damage), or by distention (swelling) of the bladder (e.g., by delaying urination for a long period of time).</div> <div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"> Factors associated with acute urinary retention include the following:</div> <ul style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"> <li> Alcohol consumption</li> <li> Allergy or cold medications containing decongestants or antihistamines</li> <li> Certain prescription drugs (e.g., ipratropium bromide, albuterol, epinephrine) that cause the urethra to narrow</li> <li> Delaying urination for a long time</li> <li> Long period of inactivity or bed rest</li> <li> Prolonged exposure to cold temperatures</li> <li> Spinal cord injury/nerve damage</li> <li> Surgery (e.g., complication of anesthesia)</li> <li> Urinary system obstruction (e.g., BPH, kidney stones)</li> <li> Urinary tract infection</li> </ul> <div> <span style="font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11px;"></span></span></div>

Urological Emergencies

Urological Emergencies Some urological conditions have serious or life-threatening consequences and require immediate medical attention. These medical emergencies include the following: Acute urinary retention Fournier's gangrene Paraphimosis Priapism Testicular torsion While these condition…

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Prostatic Hyperplasia

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCtXnhbUvLDalWqmgdRm1uv6bxrNrIgmicqCmUiVVUxdh0Kfp-1TtCBEPvIhvWnKaewRg46-vF9QzbRSzGa_2pjv_Sl4QZ_ApYz3rbXOJezdsmEN4vOoj2ev48vFlhNZxfVzloBUbdKwY/s1600/Prostatic+Hyperplasia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is not simply a case of too many prostate cells" border="0" data-original-height="309" data-original-width="550" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCtXnhbUvLDalWqmgdRm1uv6bxrNrIgmicqCmUiVVUxdh0Kfp-1TtCBEPvIhvWnKaewRg46-vF9QzbRSzGa_2pjv_Sl4QZ_ApYz3rbXOJezdsmEN4vOoj2ev48vFlhNZxfVzloBUbdKwY/s320/Prostatic+Hyperplasia.jpg" title="Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is not simply a case of too many prostate cells" width="320" /></a></div> <div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"> Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is not simply a case of too many prostate cells. Prostate growth involves hormones, occurs in different types of tissue (e.g., muscular, glandular), and affects men differently. As a result of these differences, treatment varies in each case. There is no cure for BPH and once prostate growth starts, it often continues, unless medical therapy is started.</div> <div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"> The prostate grows in two different ways. In one type of growth, cells multiply around the urethra and squeeze it, much like you can squeeze a straw. The second type of growth is middle-lobe prostate growth in which cells grow into the urethra and the bladder outlet area. This type of growth typically requires surgery.</div> <div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/u/1/null" name="anat"><b>Anatomy</b></a><br />The prostate is a walnut-sized gland located beneath the bladder and in front of the rectum. It is surrounded by a capsule of fibrous tissue called the prostate capsule. The urethra (tube that transports urine and sperm out of the body) passes through the prostate to the bladder neck. Prostate tissue produces prostate specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase, an enzyme found in seminal fluid (the milky substance that combines with sperm to form semen).</div> <div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/u/1/null" name="inci"><b>Incidence and Prevalence</b></a><br />It is difficult to establish incidence and prevalence of BPH because research groups often use different criteria to define the condition. According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), BPH affects more than 50% of men over age 60 and as many as 90% of men over the age of 70</div>

Prostatic Hyperplasia

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is not simply a case of too many prostate cells. Prostate growth involves hormones, occurs in different types of tissue (e.g., muscular, glandular), and affects men differently. As a result of these differences, treatment varies in each case. There is no cure for …

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Adrenal cancer

<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe1hGsYtB10iEzCRFcjbjWwhNMblV_QOr_Kb9BmPZcLa4TpLtGpEPebEEYcygTnx6ceS8LloxiL8kvjtVWA0EWHDV6qg7o7qVtaWYCN1tgPWPvhvl8DdeB7E86I8y1BYkSWFaFEu0Rndc/s1600/Adrenal+cancer.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Adrenal cancer is a rare disease that originates in the adrenal glands." border="0" data-original-height="402" data-original-width="328" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe1hGsYtB10iEzCRFcjbjWwhNMblV_QOr_Kb9BmPZcLa4TpLtGpEPebEEYcygTnx6ceS8LloxiL8kvjtVWA0EWHDV6qg7o7qVtaWYCN1tgPWPvhvl8DdeB7E86I8y1BYkSWFaFEu0Rndc/s320/Adrenal+cancer.png" title="Adrenal cancer is a rare disease that originates in the adrenal glands." width="261" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Adrenal cancer is a rare disease that <br />originates in the adrenal glands.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"> Adrenal cancer is a rare disease that originates in the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys and consist of two parts that function separately: the outer layer (cortex) and the inner area (medulla).</div> <div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"> The cortex produces three major hormones: cortisol (a glucocorticoid), aldosterone (a mineralocorticoid), and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA; an androgen). The medulla produces epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine, and dopamine.</div> <div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"> Adrenal tumors can increase hormone production (called functioning tumors). Adrenal tumors that do not produce hormones are called nonfunctioning. Symptoms of adrenal cancer and treatment for the condition depend on whether the tumor is functioning or nonfunctioning, and on which hormone is being overproduced.</div> <div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/u/1/null" name="types"><b>Types</b></a><br />Most (99%) adrenal tumors are noncancerous (i.e., benign) adrenal cortical adenomas and do not require treatment. These tumors usually do not cause symptoms, are small, and are found incidentally during diagnostic imaging.</div> <div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"> The most common type of adrenal cancer develops in the adrenal cortex and is called <b>adrenocortical carcinoma</b>. Functioning adrenocortical carcinomas may produce symptoms related to increased hormone production.</div> <div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"> Nonfunctioning tumors may cause pain from pressure on abdominal organs and a mass in the abdomen that is able to be felt with the fingers (palpable).</div> <div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"> Cancers that develop in the adrenal medulla include <b>neuroblastoma</b>(originates in undeveloped nerve cells) and <b>pheochromocytoma</b>(originates in cells that produce epinephrine and norephinephrine). Neuroblastoma usually occurs in infants and children and pheochromocytoma more commonly occurs in people who are in their 30s and 40s.</div> <div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"> Other types of cancer (e.g., breast, lung) may spread (metastasize) to the adrenal glands.</div> <div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"> <b>Incidence and Prevalence </b><br />Worldwide, about 1 out of 1 million people develop adrenal cancer each year. Prevalence of the condition is slightly higher in men in their 40s and 50s and in children younger than 5 years old.</div>

Adrenal cancer

Adrenal cancer is a rare disease that originates in the adrenal glands. Adrenal cancer is a rare disease that originates in the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys and consist of two parts that function separately: the outer layer (cortex) and the inner area (medull…

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Bladder cancer

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmqvqAhNDp3VMc1wRZxrMnpgvwtBwT51Z0DQVLY56rj_qlXdmLsq6zUxcvg4rmV3X5DNPCfiBwyoiXN4M7jfJmTqGnk0Hv8OGMfQfHr9BHFkg9yJx3HH-P_SyAfYmftIY16TcCtLdvW8o/s1600/Bladder+cancer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="309" data-original-width="550" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmqvqAhNDp3VMc1wRZxrMnpgvwtBwT51Z0DQVLY56rj_qlXdmLsq6zUxcvg4rmV3X5DNPCfiBwyoiXN4M7jfJmTqGnk0Hv8OGMfQfHr9BHFkg9yJx3HH-P_SyAfYmftIY16TcCtLdvW8o/s320/Bladder+cancer.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"> The bladder is an organ located in the pelvic cavity that stores and discharges urine. Urine is produced by the kidneys, carried to the bladder by the ureters, and discharged from the bladder through the urethra. Bladder cancer accounts for approximately 90% of cancers of the urinary tract (renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, urethra).</div> <div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"> <b>Types</b><br /> Bladder cancer usually originates in the bladder lining, which consists of a mucous layer of surface cells that expand and deflate (transitional epithelial cells), smooth muscle, and a fibrous layer. Tumors are categorized as low-stage (superficial) or high-stage (muscle invasive).</div> <div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"> In industrialized countries (e.g., United States, Canada, France), more than 90% of cases originate in the transitional epithelial cells (called <b>transitional cell carcinoma</b>; TCC). In developing countries, 75% of cases are squamous cell carcinomas caused by <i>Schistosoma haematobium</i> (parasitic organism) infection. Rare types of bladder cancer include small cell carcinoma, carcinosarcoma, primary lymphoma, and sarcoma.</div> <div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"> <br /> <b>Incidence and Prevalence</b><br /> According to the National Cancer Institute, the highest incidence of bladder cancer occurs in industrialized countries such as the United States, Canada, and France. Incidence is lowest in Asia and South America, where it is about 70% lower than in the United States.</div> <div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"> Incidence of bladder cancer increases with age. People over the age of 70 develop the disease 2 to 3 times more often than those aged 55-69 and 15 to 20 times more often than those aged 30-54.</div> <div style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"> Bladder cancer is 2 to 3 times more common in men. In the United States, approximately 38,000 men and 15,000 women are diagnosed with the disease each year. Bladder cancer is the fourth most common type of cancer in men and the eighth most common type in women. The disease is more prevalent in Caucasians than in African Americans and Hispanics.<br /> <br /> <h2> Overactive Bladder</h2> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb-i60InJTXMj4peLWySw_dWh5v93msvCTTYe_euFZ-DZQMZMxdnoqBFuyYhhs7DlYZe75N6C1mzgif5870p0bJ-6CTmKMQeltHMnKfd2r3ecPfYXrcmUrr6r1XoPKYLkECYEDGY5Dv1M/s1600/Overactive+Bladder.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="In people with an overactive bladder (OAB), the layered, smooth muscle that surrounds the bladder (detrusor muscle)" border="0" data-original-height="407" data-original-width="732" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhb-i60InJTXMj4peLWySw_dWh5v93msvCTTYe_euFZ-DZQMZMxdnoqBFuyYhhs7DlYZe75N6C1mzgif5870p0bJ-6CTmKMQeltHMnKfd2r3ecPfYXrcmUrr6r1XoPKYLkECYEDGY5Dv1M/s400/Overactive+Bladder.png" title="In people with an overactive bladder (OAB), the layered, smooth muscle that surrounds the bladder (detrusor muscle)" width="400" /></a></div> In people with an overactive bladder (OAB), the layered, smooth muscle that surrounds the bladder (<b>detrusor muscle</b>) contracts spastically, sometimes without a known cause, which results in sustained, high bladder pressure and the urgent need to urinate (called urgency). Normally, the detrusor muscle contracts and relaxes in response to the volume of urine in the bladder and the initiation of urination.<br /> People with OAB often experience urgency at inconvenient and unpredictable times and sometimes lose control before reaching a toilet. Thus, overactive bladder interferes with work, daily routine, intimacy and sexual function; causes embarrassment; and can diminish self-esteem and quality of life.<br /> <b>Urination</b><br />Urination (micturition) involves processes within the urinary tract and the brain. The slight need to urinate is sensed when urine volume reaches about one-half of the bladder's capacity. The brain suppresses this need until a person initiates urination.<br /> Once urination has been initiated, the nervous system signals the detrusor muscle to contract into a funnel shape and expel urine. Pressure in the bladder increases and the detrusor muscle remains contracted until the bladder empties. Once empty, pressure falls and the bladder relaxes and resumes its normal shape.<br /> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/u/1/null" name="inc"><b>Incidence and Prevalence</b></a><br />Overactive bladder affects men and women equally. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has reported that approximately 13 million people in the United States suffer from OAB and other forms of incontinence.</div>

Bladder cancer

The bladder is an organ located in the pelvic cavity that stores and discharges urine. Urine is produced by the kidneys, carried to the bladder by the ureters, and discharged from the bladder through the urethra. Bladder cancer accounts for approximately 90% of cancers of the urinary tract (renal p…

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